Anaphylaxis is a time-critical emergency. Prompt intramuscular (IM) adrenaline remains the first-line treatment, rapidly reversing airway oedema, vasodilatation and bronchospasm (MHRA, 2023). However, barriers such as fear of needles, incorrect injection technique or hesitancy are well documented and may delay or impair its administration. In real-world settings, these human factors can influence outcomes as much as the pharmacotherapy itself.

In July 2025 the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) approved EURneffy, an intranasal adrenaline spray, as the first needle-free formulation of adrenaline licenced in the UK for emergency treatment of anaphylaxis. It is indicatedfor adults and children weighing 30 kg or more and delivers a 2 mg dose of adrenaline, comparable to a 0.3 mg IM injection in the thigh.